B.R. Nahata Smriti Sansthan Agricultural Extension Journal (AEXTJ)

Barriers on Adoption of Micro Irrigation by farmers in Tamil Nadu

M. Shanthasheela — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Irrigation becomes crucial in modern agriculture, particularly in water-scarce regions like Tamil Nadu, India.
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana micro-irrigation scheme operated in Tamil Nadu from 2015–2016 to
date in Tamil Nadu. The list of beneficiaries from all the districts was collected from the Micro Irrigation
(MI) Management Information System. From each district, 60 farmers were randomly chosen and data
collected from 2,220 respondents across 37 districts and were analyzed using the problem confrontation
index to identify the constraints. The constraints were categorized into technical, infrastructural, financial,
knowledge-based, and climate/geographical issues. The most critical technical challenge identified was
the clogging of drippers, followed by frequent maintenance and lack of skilled technical expertise to solve
technical issues. Poor post-sale services and unavailability of spare parts rank highest among infrastructural
constraints, impacting the sustainability of the systems. Financial burdens, such as high maintenance
costs and expensive water-soluble fertilizers, also significantly affect farmers, making it challenging for
small-scale farmers to adopt and maintain these systems. Lack of training and knowledge about system
operation was a significant knowledge barrier, highlighting the need for more hands on demonstrations and
expert consultations. Furthermore, environmental factors such as unsuitable soils in saline areas and high
temperatures contribute to the reduced durability of the MI systems. Topographical challenges also made
it difficult to install MI effectively in uneven terrains. Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted
approach, including targeted technical support, improved post sales services, affordable financial assistance,
and climate adapted system designs. Expanding training programs and providing better access to spare parts
and technical expertise will enhance the adoption and long-term success of MI in Tamil Nadu.

Solid and Liquid Resource Utilization for Zero-waste Agriculture

Amit Biswas — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Agriculture, in addition to sustaining human life, is a major producer of solid residues and nutrient-rich waste
materials. Mishandling of agricultural waste causes greenhouse gas emissions, contaminates water sources
(groundwater and rivers), climate change, and reduces soil fertility. On the other hand, when harnessed, they
become important inputs for circular farming. This study will discover an integrated pathway to convert
natural burdens into resource flows, analysing the challenges and opportunities of agricultural waste. The
present study will also evaluate options for biological and physicochemical treatment of solid and liquid
wastewater and discuss the technology that will reduce gaps in current adoption and policy support. In this
current study, we will critically discuss some recent field investigations, life cycle assessments, and case
studies related to composting, anaerobic digestion, and constructed wetlands. Findings indicate that while
individual technologies work well in isolation, systemic integration at farm scales remains limited, especially
for smallholder farmers. This exposes a research gap in designing modular, low-cost, and farmer-friendly
systems that manage both flows simultaneously. Future opportunities lie in combining waste assessment
with renewable energy generation, digital monitoring, and incentive-driven policies that can accelerate
adoption. AI models are used to get better results in waste management in agricultural sectors. Ultimately,
solid and liquid waste management in agriculture is not just a technical intervention but a strategic step
toward a sustainable food system – one that can reduce pollution, conserve resources, and equally improve
the rural economy.

TALENs and CRISPR/Cas Approaches for Rice Improvement through Genome Editing

Amit Biswas — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Rice, the staple food for half of the global population, is facing major production issues because of climate
change, pest outbreaks, high usage of chemicals, and resource scarcity. Traditional breeding has improved its
yield and resistance against stress, but slow pace and limited accuracy cannot keep up the demand of food.
Genome technologies, such as TALENs, CRISPR/Cas systems have emerged as high paced high precision tools
to accelerate rice productivity by enabling genome-specific edits to control the desired agronomic traits. Both
systems usage induced method of double-strand DNA breaks at the very specific genomic sites, which are then
restored by using specific. well grain quality. TALENs with tailoring DNA-binding domain are being used to
improve rice’s herbicide tolerance as weel grain quality. Advances in high-accuracy of CRISPR/Cas (Cas9 and
Cas12) have enabled the targeted development of traits, such as high climate-stress resilience and superior grain
quality of rice. Foreign DNA-free systems, such as TALENs and CRISPR/Cas producing non-gmos outcomes
that align with sustainable future goals and green technology principles are more acceptable to regulators and
consumers. In agriculture, these advancements lessen reliance on chemicals, better water management, and
improve climate-resistance traits helping farmers with low-input high-output and locally adapted rice well grain
quality. TALENs with tailoring DNA-binding domain are being used. With CRISPR and TALENS, the shift to
environmentally responsible and sustainable agriculture is happening faster than ever

Carbon Capture and Utilization for Agriculture with Environmental Sustainability

Amit Biswas — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Increasing soil degradation teamed up adverse climate changes are serious concern on food safety for the
global population. To address these various innovative and green agriculture practices, they are ongoing
or are in research level. Agriculture plays both roles in the carbon cycle as a source and a potential sink
for atmospheric carbon.

Soil Health Management for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

Amit Biswas — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Soil health is the continued capacity of soil to function as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants,
animals, and humans. It connects agricultural and soil science to policy, stakeholder needs, and sustainable
supply chain management. Historically, soil assessments focused on crop production, but today soil health
also includes the role of soil in water quality, climate change, and human health. However, quantifying
soil health is still dominated by chemical indicators, despite growing appreciation of the importance of
soil biodiversity, due to limited functional knowledge and a lack of effective methods. In this perspective,
the definition and history of soil health are described and compared to other soil concepts. We outline
ecosystem services provided by soils, the indicators used to measure soil functionality, and their integration
into informative soil health indices. Scientists should embrace soil health as an overarching principle that
contributes to sustainability goals, rather than only a property to measure.

Biofuel for Modern Farming

Amit Biswas — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Agriculture remains one of the most energy-intensive sectors, so the adoption of green energy technologies
offers a sustainable pathway to transform modern farming. Roughly, 180–240 million tonnes of crop
residues remain after their conventional applications, yearly, in India’s agrarian system. An intimidating 92
million tonnes are combusted in the open every year, which causes adverse effects, including the emission
of greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, increased levels of smog that beget health hazards,
loss of biodiversity of agricultural lands, and the deterioration of soil fertility. Bioethanol, compressed
biogas, biodiesel, and advanced biofuels can be made from remnants such as paddy straw, wheat stubble,
maize stalks, and sugarcane bagasse through the application of highly advanced technologies such as
enzymatic hydrolysis, anaerobic digestion, and production of cellulosic ethanol. Biofuels derived from crop
remains – similar to biogas, bioethanol, and biodiesel – not only provide renewable energy but also produce
fresh income aqueducts for farmers, reduce dependence on fossil fuels, and support a circular economy
in agriculture. This poster emphasizes the prospects for residue-grounded biofuels as a green technology
movement in contemporary agriculture, looking into the metamorphosis of what had been deemed as waste
material into a source of renewable energy. Emphasizing key results, identifying new trends, and proposing
directions for future research to grease crop residue retention to be embraced and maximized to make
sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices in today’s agricultural ecosystem.

Green Future with Hydroponic and Vertical Farming

Amit Biswas — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The growing urbanization and unsystematic climate conditions cause dramatic changes in many environmental
and food production methods. In this situation, traditional farming faces land scarcity, carbon emissions,
and water shortage. Hydroponics and vertical farming work as an alternative to traditional farming by
minimizing the challenges that were faced in traditional farming. Hydroponic vertical farming collectively
shows advancement in smart farming. This modern cultivation technique is suitable for urban and pre-urban
areas, as it is done indoors with a limited space. In the method of hydroponics, plants are grown in nutrient-rich
water in the absence of soil

A Viewpoint Toward Water in Arid and Semi-Arid Rural Areas of Iran (South Khorasan Province and Breeding Animals and Plants that are Resistive to Drought and Dried Conditions)

Farhood Golmohammadi — Thu, 09 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Water is a primary resource, essential for life on planet Earth. It is not only a beverage or an indispensable
tool for human hygiene and personal care but also above all, an essential means for agriculture and livestock
farming. Accounting for water resources assets is an important part of the inventory of nationally owned
natural resources assets and is a basic prerequisite for the preparation of natural resources balance sheets.
Iran, as a developing country, is located in arid and semi-arid areas in which water scarcity is a major issue,
and regarding the highest level of water shortage is in the agricultural sector, the need for efficient use, or
in other words, management of agricultural water, is inevitable. Socioecological sustainability arises from
interactions between natural and social systems. Sustainability in water security means effectively managing
water resources to continuously achieve social goals without surpassing ecological limits to maintain or
enhance ecological integrity and social well-being. Agriculture is a highly water-consuming activity, and
water resources worldwide are heavily exploited for food production. Pollution due to agricultural activities
in Iran has increased during the last two decades. Pollutions are released into the atmosphere and thereafter
pollute water and soil resources. Agriculture is heavily impacted by present climate change, and a potential
reduction in harvest may lead to larger water requirements for sustainable yield and a decline in food
security worldwide. In this article, author discusses and states the most important aspects of water in arid
and semi-arid rural areas of Iran with emphasizing on south Khorasan province and breeding animals and
plants that are resistive to drought and dried conditions. Furthermore, this article is an abbreviation and short
communication of author’s book that published in 2025.